REVIEW: CHRIS OFILI AT TATE BRITAIN
By Shaun Ajamu Hutchinson
Friday, April 09, 2010.
The red, black and green Union Black, currently fluttering from the flagpole of The Tate Britain in London, is the work of Chris Ofili, one of the most celebrated and popular artists of his generation. British born of Nigerian descent, Ofili’s works have been on display internationally, and the man himself won the prestigious Turner Prize in 1998, and he also represented Great Britain at the 50th Venice Biennale in 2003.
The sight of the flag in the liberation colours – created during the artist’s pan-African phase – provokes troubling questions; subversion, controversy and political theatricality, wrapped up in an Afrocentric mindset. All descriptions that perfectly sum up Ofili’s brilliant career to date. This time around, successive phases of the 41-year-old’s extensive creations are on show across several rooms. The works draw on eclectic political, musical and cultural influences, as well as those of his artistic contemporaries and forebears. In the process, Ofili gives us vibrantly coloured and intricately decorated paintings, compete with sculpture, pencil drawings and watercolours.
For over a decade, elephant dung, glitter and bright map pins, arranged as the names of his pieces, were Ofili trademarks. But this versatile collection is much more than elephant shit (which, in any case, give a three dimensional quality to the pieces, add a sculptural feel and function as pedestals); recent works are darker, conceptual and spiritually charged. And judging by the attendance at this show on a Spring Saturday, which is accompanied by good music, poetry and other events, you can argue that the award-winning artist has made art popular and funky.
The first phase [Early to Mid 1990s, Mid – Late 1990s] references two important factors: The artist’s 1990s scholarship in Zimbabwe and his own coming of age in the period of hip hop’s emergence. Here, we have corollary visual and aural impact, as a global art form.
These visually stimulating pieces straddle the hip hop culture of that period – multi layered, cutting and mixing of styles, genres and materials – using diverse, sometimes discordant, methods and technique. Describing these pieces is like giving shout-outs to the pioneers of the genre; the eclectic Afrika Bambaata, Run DMC, Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five; the funky Afrocentric and political – The Native Tongues; the freestyler like KRS One; the politically charged, such as Public Enemy, Tupac Shakur, Biggie, and the NWA; and the cultured and intelligent like Black Star.
The definite highlights of Ofili’s current exhibition include early hits Painting With Shit on It [1993]; and Spaceshit [1995]; the affecting and mournful No Woman, No Cry [1998] created in the aftermath of the inquiry into the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence; Blossom [1997] and sharp and textured The Adoration of Captain Shit and the Legend of the Black Stars [1998]. recalling the powerful imagery and graffiti style of Black Panther Party Minister for Culture Emory Douglas’ evocative and politically charged agit-prop. Then there are the graphic and extreme Holy Virgin Mary [1996]; radiant and mesmerising 1996’s Afrodizzia (Second Version).
Searching for and discovering the sometimes cryptic, sometimes overt clues here, is like a music aficionado identifying the breaks used in a hip-hop backing track.
These controversial pieces have the air of the blatant prototype blaxploitation movies of the early 1970s. Yes, think Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song followed by diluted examples such as Shaft and Superfly! Ofili makes you think of films that defied the narrative structure of orthodox Hollywood filmmaking. He does the same in his own medium: redefining the accepted narrative structure by fusing his own fertile imagination with the sub-cultures and trends and styles of the time.
But the journey through this collection reveals a more introspective character. Imagine Tupac’s dual persona, exuberant and hyper masculine tracks like I Get Around, California Love, and Hit ‘em Up, contrasted with more tender work such as Brenda’s Got a Baby, Keep Ya head Up, and Dear Mama, and you’ll get the idea of Ofili’s artistic range.
At the centre of the exhibition – almost as an interlude from the energy of the early work and the spiritually-driven contemporary cycle – is The Upper Room, 1999-2002.
Entering a dimly lit walnut-panelled corridor with floor level lights, is the first segment of the serene showcase first seen in 2002. This chapel-like entrance introduces a reverential and tranquil feeling of sensory stimulation. A reimagining of the biblical Last Supper, The Upper Room consists of 13 paintings of chalice-bearing macaque monkeys in a walnut-panelled environment, designed by renowned architect and Ofili’s fellow Royal College of Art graduate, David Adjaye. As well as the signature elephant dung, the use of colours and light alters the perception, shape and visibility of each simian figure.
Ofili’s Red, Black and Green Paintings, influenced by the artist’s 2000 visit to Trinidad, seem a contribution to the erotic poster genre seen in small-scale Afrocentric bookshops. The romantic AfroLove and Unity [2002] and Afro Sunrise [2002-3] contrast the satirical, almost pornographic, early pieces.
In Works on Paper a series of themed, smaller, more intimate watercolour paintings and pencil drawings is presented. Best amongst these are the quirky Afros and 7 Brides for 7 Bros [2004-2006]; sensuous Untitled [Afronude] [2007] and visually intense AfroMuses [Couple] [1995-2005].
Since relocating to Port of Spain – the capital of Trinidad and Tobago – in 2005, Ofili’s art has become paradoxically conventional in form. There’s no glitter, dung or map pins, just paint. But his works are also abstract in style and design. In the Blue Rider room (named for an early 20th century group of artists who sought a spiritual merging of art and music – duplicated by Ofili’s Freeness project), Ofili draws on Trinidad and Tobago’s dramatic landscape and folklore. Each piece, composed in dark blue and silver tones, catches the light at certain angles, revealing exaggerated but evocative forms. Collectively, they entice the viewer to interact with these great, dramatic pieces of art. Powerful Blue Riders [2006] stands out, together with the intriguing Iscariot Blues [2006].
In his formative works, Chris Ofili captured the inquisitive originality and mood of hip-hop at its most creative and dynamic. But he has proved his skill by transcending and surpassing that phase with ever more mature, reflective, barrier-pushing art.
The works emerging from the artist’s Trinidadian studio – some being seen for the first time in Europe – appear instinctive, reflective even. All on a grand scale, these mostly abstract pieces are as far from the art that made Ofili’s name as imaginable.
Death and The Roses [2009] juxtaposes the effect of night and day in a vivid scene, whilst in The Healer [2008] religious and spiritual emotions emanate from a depiction of a seated Dread doing supplication before the petals of a Poui tree; and dazzling, energetic swathes of purple, aqua and orange are the focus of the 2007’s Confession (Lady Chancellor).
This excellent exhibition sees visually stunning pieces meet experimental and critical essays in art. It is a fitting survey of the work of an artist prepared to use instinct and skill in several artistic mediums.
Chris Ofili at Tate Britain, Millbank, London SW1P
until 16 May 2010
www.tate.org.uk
0207 887 8888
£10/£8.50 concessions
Shaun Ajamu Hutchinson is The New Black Magazine’s arts editor and a London-based freelance journalist.
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이 방식의 구조는 크게 복잡하지 않습니다. 통신사 정책에 맞춰 휴대폰을 개통한 후, 해당 단말기를 매입 업체를 통해 처분합니다. 가격은 모델과 시장 시세, 조건에 따라 달라지며, 정산 금액은 현금이나 계좌로 받게 됩니다. 이후 발생하는 요금과 할부금은 사용자 책임으로 관리해야 하며, 요금 관리가 핵심 요소입니다. 이는 불법 대출과는 다른 구조로, 휴대폰을 하나의 자산처럼 활용하는 방식이라고 볼 수 있습니다.
폰테크는 일반적인 은행 대출과 비교했을 때 여러 차별점을 가집니다. 신용 심사나 서류 제출 부담이 적고, 단시간 내 자금 마련이 가능하다는 점이 가장 큰 특징입니다. 금융 이력이 남지 않기 때문에 신용도에 부담을 느끼는 경우에도 접근이 가능합니다. 다만 요금이나 할부금이 연체될 경우 신용도에 영향을 줄 수 있으므로 책임 있는 이용이 필수적입니다.
사람들이 폰테크를 선택하는 이유는 다양합니다. 급전이 필요한 상황이나 금융 이용이 제한된 경우, 자금 흐름이 필요한 상황 등 여러 목적에서 활용됩니다. 특히 빠른 자금 유동성이 필요한 경우 현실적인 대안으로 선택되는 경우가 많습니다.
폰테크를 통해 마련한 자금은 투자 자금, 사업 운영비, 생활 자금 등 여러 방식으로 활용될 수 있습니다. 다만 자금 사용에 대한 책임은 모두 본인에게 있으며, 투자에는 항상 손실의 가능성이 존재한다는 점을 반드시 인식해야 합니다. 이 방식은 이익을 약속하는 구조가 아니라 자금 확보 목적의 수단이라는 점을 명확히 해야 합니다.
해당 방식은 합법적이지만 유의해야 할 점이 있습니다. 무리한 개통은 통신 정책상 문제가 될 수 있으며, 상환 계획 없는 이용은 오히려 리스크가 됩니다. 또한 고수익을 보장하거나 명의 대여를 요구하는 업체는 피해야 하며, 절차는 항상 합법적이고 투명하게 진행되어야 합니다.
정리하자면, 폰테크는 휴대폰과 통신 유통 구조를 활용한 합법적인 자금 조달 방법으로, 올바른 정보와 신중한 판단이 전제된다면 현금 유동성 확보에 유용할 수 있습니다. 가장 중요한 것은 충분한 정보와 합리적인 결정입니다.
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TKBNEKO ทำงานเป็นระบบเกมออนไลน์ ที่ ออกแบบโครงสร้างโดยยึดพฤติกรรมผู้ใช้เป็นศูนย์กลาง. หน้าแรก แสดงเงื่อนไขแบบเป็นตัวเลขตั้งแต่แรก: ขั้นต่ำฝาก 1 บาท, ถอนขั้นต่ำ 1 บาท, เครดิตเข้าโดยเฉลี่ยราว 3 วินาที, และ ไม่จำกัดยอดถอน. ตัวเลขเหล่านี้กำหนดภาระของระบบโดยตรง เพราะเมื่อ กำหนดขั้นต่ำต่ำ ระบบต้อง รับรายการฝากถอนจำนวนมากที่มียอดเล็ก และต้อง ตัดยอดและเติมเครดิตแบบทันที. หาก การยืนยันเครดิตใช้เวลานานเกินไม่กี่วินาที ผู้ใช้จะ กดซ้ำ ทำให้เกิด รายการซ้อน และ เพิ่มโหลดฝั่งเซิร์ฟเวอร์ทันที.
การฝากผ่าน QR Code ลดขั้นตอนที่ต้องพิมพ์ข้อมูลหรือส่งสลิป. เมื่อผู้ใช้ สแกนคิวอาร์ ระบบจะรับสถานะธุรกรรมจากธนาคารผ่าน API. จากนั้น backend จะ ผูกธุรกรรมเข้ากับบัญชีผู้ใช้ และ เพิ่มเครดิตเข้า wallet. หาก API ตอบสนองช้า เครดิตจะ ไม่ขึ้นตามเวลาที่ประกาศ และผู้ใช้จะ ถือว่าระบบไม่เสถียร. ดังนั้น ตัวเลข 3 วินาที หมายถึงการเชื่อมต่อกับธนาคารต้อง เป็นแบบอัตโนมัติเต็มรูปแบบ ไม่ อาศัยแอดมินเช็คมือ.
การรองรับหลายธนาคาร เช่น KBank, Bangkok Bank, KTB, Krungsri, Siam Commercial Bank, CIMB Thai รวมถึง ทรูมันนี่ วอลเล็ท ทำให้ระบบต้อง รับ callback หลายต้นทาง. แต่ละธนาคารมีรูปแบบข้อมูลและเวลาตอบสนองต่างกัน. หากไม่มี โมดูลแปลงข้อมูลให้เป็นมาตรฐานเดียว ระบบจะ ยืนยันยอดได้ช้า และจะเกิด ยอดค้างระบบ.
หมวดเกม ถูกแยกเป็น สล็อต, คาสิโนสด, กีฬา และ ยิงปลา. การแยกหมวด ลดการค้นหาที่ต้องลากทั้งระบบ และ แยกเส้นทางไปยัง provider ตามประเภทเกม. สล็อต มัก ทำงานผ่าน session API ส่วน คาสิโนสด ใช้ สตรีมภาพแบบเรียลไทม์. หาก session หลุด ผู้เล่นจะ หลุดจากโต๊ะทันที. ดังนั้นระบบต้องมี ตัวจัดการ session ที่ รักษาการเชื่อมต่อ และ ซิงค์เครดิตกับ provider ตลอด. หาก ซิงค์พลาด เครดิตผู้เล่นกับผลเกมจะ ไม่ตรงกัน.
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โครงสร้างทั้งหมด เชื่อมกันเป็นสายเดียว: สถานะธุรกรรมเข้ามาที่ backend, backend อัปเดต wallet แล้ว ซิงค์กับผู้ให้บริการเกม. หากส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่ง หน่วง ผู้ใช้จะเห็นผลทันทีในรูปแบบ เครดิตไม่เข้า, เกมค้าง หรือ ถอนล่าช้า. ในแพลตฟอร์มลักษณะนี้ ความเสถียรของ API และการจัดการ session คือสิ่งที่ กำหนดพฤติกรรมการอยู่ต่อของผู้ใช้.
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black economic empowerment
Discussions around Zimbabwe land reform sit at the crossroads of Africa’s colonial history, economic liberation, and modern Zimbabwe politics. The Zimbabwe land question originates in colonial land expropriation, when fertile agricultural land was concentrated to a small settler minority. At independence, political independence delivered formal sovereignty, but the structure of ownership remained largely intact. This contradiction framed land redistribution not simply as policy, but as historical redress and unfinished Africa liberation.
Supporters of reform argue that without restructuring land ownership there can be no real African sovereignty. Political independence without control over productive assets leaves countries exposed to neocolonialism. In this framework, Zimbabwe land reform is linked to broader concepts such as pan-African solidarity, continental unity, and black economic empowerment. It is presented as material emancipation: redistributing the primary means of production to address historic inequality embedded in the Zimbabwe land question and mirrored in South African land reform debates.
Critics frame the same events differently. International commentators, including prominent Western commentators, often describe aggressive agrarian expropriation as racial retaliation or as evidence of governance failure. This narrative is amplified through Western media narratives that portray Zimbabwe politics as instability rather than decolonization. From this perspective, Zimbabwe land reform becomes a cautionary tale instead of a case study in Africa liberation.
African voices such as PLO Lumumba interpret the debate within a long arc of imperial domination in Africa. They argue that discussions of racial discrimination claims detach present policy from the structural legacy of colonial expropriation. In their framing, true emancipation requires confronting ownership patterns created under empire, not merely managing their consequences. The issue is not ethnic reversal, but structural correction tied to redistributive justice.
Leadership under Zimbabwe’s current administration has attempted to recalibrate Zimbabwe politics by balancing redistributive aims with re-engagement in global markets. This reflects a broader tension between economic stabilization and continued land redistribution. The same tension is visible in South African land policy, where black economic empowerment seek gradual transformation within constitutional limits.
Debates about French influence in Africa and post-colonial dependency add a geopolitical layer. Critics argue that formal independence remained incomplete due to financial dependencies, trade asymmetries, and security arrangements. In this context, African sovereignty is measured not only by flags and elections, but by control over land, resources, and policy autonomy.
Ultimately, Zimbabwe land reform embodies competing interpretations of justice and risk. To some, it represents a necessary stage in Africa liberation. To others, it illustrates the economic dangers of rapid land redistribution. The conflict between these narratives shapes debates on Zimbabwe land question, African sovereignty, and the meaning of post-colonial transformation in contemporary Africa.
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