“I’m the Head the Nigger in Charge…”: The Legacy of Robert Guillaume
By Mark Anthony Neal | @NewBlackMan | with thanks to NewBlackMan (in Exile)
Tuesday, November 7, 2017.
The above quote is taken from the
film Lean On Me (1989), a biopic of
New Jersey educator Joe “bat man”
Clark. Ostensibly a star turn for Morgan Freeman — released shortly before his
breakthrough in Driving Miss Daisy —
it was Robert Guillaume, as Freeman’s supervisor, who stole the scene
with the line “I’m the head
nigger in charge.” Guillaume, with his deadpan
comedic delivery, made his name stealing such scenes as “Benson DuBois” — the
role he is most remembered for — in the sitcoms Soap (1977-1979) and Benson
(1979-1986).
Though Guillaume’s name evokes origins in some far
off French Caribbean island, he was born Robert Williams on November 30, 1927,
and by his own definition was “a bastard, a Catholic, the son of a
prostitute, and a product of the poorest slums of St. Louis.” (Guillaume: A Life, 1). It was in
the Catholic church, that the grandmother that raised Guillaume took him
regularly, where he realized his initial talent for singing church music.
Guillaume’s singing voice would serve him well on Broadway and off in the
1960s, allowed him to attend and drop out of both Saint Louis University and
Washington University in St. Louis, and eventually to star in a critically
acclaimed stint as the star of The
Phantom of the Opera in 1990.
Guillaume was well past thirty when he finally left
St. Louis in the late 1950s, leaving behind his estranged wife Marlene and
their two young sons Kevin and Jacques, and headed to Cleveland to join the
Karamu House theater. Founded in 1915 as The Playhouse Settlement by
Oberlin graduates Russell Jelliffe and Rowena Woodham, and renamed in 1941,
Karamu House is one the oldest African American Theaters in the country.
Alumni of Karamu House included veteran actor Bill Cobbs
(New Jack City, The Bodyguard, Night at the
Museum), Vanessa Bell-Calloway
(All My Children, Biker Boyz, Survivor’s Remorse), and Ron O’Neal of Superfly fame.
It was in Cleveland that Robert Williams officially
became Robert Guillaume; the late actor recalled in his memoir Guillaume: A Life (with David Ritz), “Robert Williams was too common a
name. Besides I knew of several Robert Williamses on death row…Frenchifying
Williams into Guillaume was a classy move.” (62) Guillaume also recalled
the advice of Karamu’s stage director Benno Frank who told Black members of the
troupe, “White people…may need a method to find their feelings” — a shot at
the method acting techniques of the era — “You have no such problem.”
When composer and Karamu alumnus Howard A. Roberts,
who created the score for Alvin Ailey’s legendary Revelations (1960), came to Cleveland to recruit talent for Free and Easy, a musical about Black
jockeys in which Roberts was musical director, Guillaume was ready to go.
Guillaume joined a cast that would include actress Beverly Todd (Queen Sugar’s “Mother Brown”) and famed
Black hoofer Harold Nicholas.
Settling in New York City with his lover Karin Berg
(a devout Catholic, Guillaume remained married to his wife Marlene for another
twenty-years), Guillaume would contribute to several theatre productions in the
1960s including Kwamina (1961), Fly, Blackbird (1962), Tambourines to Glory (1963), starring
future Oscar winner Lou Gossett, Jr. as lead and based on music from Langston
Hughes, and Golden Boy, which starred
Sammy Davis, Jr.. Guillaume remembers being somewhat intimidated by Davis —
then at the peak of his powers and popularity — noting that “Sammy moved in a
world that felt too fast, too extravagant, too fabulous to include me. He gave
the impression of never sleeping…his partying — like his performances —
took on a mythic proportions. So I kept my distance.” (84)
Guillaume translated his new found visibility into
the role of “Sportin’ Life”, in a European tour of Porgy and Bess, which also allowed him to perform alongside his
vocal hero William Warfield,
who starred at Porgy. The touring production also allowed Guillaume to
reconnect with his sons Kevin and Jacques, who traveled with their father when Porgy and Bess settled in Israel during
the summer of 1966.
Guillaume was well aware that his choice to travel
abroad was an effective exile from the political happenings in the streets of
America, and ironically a source of tension with his partner Karin Berg, a
White woman and Freedom Rider, who was being increasingly politicized by the
Civil Rights Movement. Guillaume wrote in his memoir, “I take no pride in
confessing to sitting out the great social, political, and moral movement of my
time…My actions were centered on myself. I wanted to survive. I wanted to
make it; I wanted to work.” (81)
To his point, Guillaume was over 40-year-old when
Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in April of 1968, and as the 1970s
began, he watched his old Karamu running partner Ron O’Neal become a major
Hollywood star on the strength of his star-turn in Superfly (1972). O’Neal’s success was a cautionary tale for
Guillaume, as the former’s success betrayed his formidable talents as a
classically trained actor and singer; as “Superfly” resonated in the
mainstream, few producers and directors took the opportunity to cast O’Neal in
serious roles. It was in the O’Neal directed sequel Superfly T.N.T., that Guillaume made his Hollywood film debut —
playing a seemingly autobiographical expatriate singer in Rome.
Yet as Blaxploitation-fare like Superfly and Shaft began to wane, it was the television sitcom that began to
create opportunities for Black actors and actresses. Guillaume made appearances
on Julia (1968) with Diahann
Carroll, Marcus Welby, MD. (1975) and
All in the Family. Guillaume
likely caught the attention of the latter show’s producer Norman Lear, during
his turn as the star in a revival of Purlie!
(based on the Ossie Davis play Purlie
Victorious), in late 1972. Lear famously scouted Sherman Helmsley for
the future “George Jefferson” who portrayed the character of “Gitlow” in the
same production.
With the success of series like Sanford & Son, The Jeffersons,
The Flip Wilson Show and Good Times — shows all driven by comic
talents — Guillaume never felt that television was an option for him.
Guillaume was in fact, back on Broadway, earning a Tony Award nomination
in 1977 as “Nathan Detroit” in an all-Black revival of Guys and Dolls, when the opportunity to to star as a butler in a
new sitcom presented itself.
Ironically it was Ron O’Neal, whose own career with
shrouded by charges that he undermined Black racial progress by portraying a
drug-dealing pimp, who insisted that Guillaume not take a role that was “ a
step backwards. Television is still operating in the dark ages of Amos & Andy.” (147). The
series was Soap (1977-1981), which
broke new social ground regarding issues of religion, mental health, and
homosexuality — Billy Crystal portrayed mainstream television’s first
homosexual character in what was his breakthrough role. Of the character
of “Benson,” Guillaume wrote, “For a Black man the material was complex. The
character was irreverent. The question was, how to express such irreverence?
In reading the lines, I felt an immediate rapport with this butler called
Benson…I saw Benson as Mantan Moreland’s revenge,” in
reference to the Black comic actor who was well known for playing such roles.
Guillaume’s “Benson DuBois” was easily the wisest
character on the series — that was part of the joke — but also a character
with a wealth of empathy, which translated into an Emmy Award in 1979 for the
actor. For Black audiences, the character’s appeal might have been that
he was able to “talk back” in ways that had been denied actual Black
domestic workers. As such “Benson” was an index of changing social
opinions regarding race.
When Guillaume was tabbed to do a spinoff of Soap, simply called Benson, the character’s transition from head of the fictional
California Governor’s household, to State Budget director, to Gubernatorial
candidate, mirrored the real world politics of Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley’s
campaign for Governor of California. Bradley lost the 1982 election by 100,000
votes, and was defeated a second time by then incumbent George Deukmejian,
months after Benson left the
airwaves. Four years later Douglas Wilder, became the first African-American
governor since Reconstruction, when he was elected the 66th governor of the
State of Virginia. Guillaume was nominated four times for Primetime Emmy Award
for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, before finally winning in 1985.
For nearly a decade, “Benson DuBois” was in fact, the “Head Nigger in
Charge” on mainstream television.
In the 1990s, Guillaume was introduced to a new
generation courtesy of his narration on the HBO children’s series Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child
(1995-1999). The series, produced by Guillaume’s second wife Donna Brown Guillaume, re-told
classic fairytales with multicultural references and representation.
Guillaume was also famously cast as the voice of Rafiki in The Lion King. Guillaume recalled
thinking that Disney wanted him to play Mufasa and complained to his agent
“why…must a black man always play the monkey?” When he realized that
James Earl Jones was chosen to play the king, he sheepishly told his agent,
“I’ll play the monkey.”
The
Lion King episode, in many ways encapsulates Guillaume’s
career; overshadowed by Louis Gossett during his early years on Broadway, and by
his best friend Ron O’Neal during the Blaxploitation-era, and by the likes
standup comedians like Flip Wilson, Redd Foxx and Bill Cosby on television, it
might be easy to overlook Guillaume’s legacy.
Yet in a career defined by a dogged determination
to breakthrough, Guillaume became a certified star at an age — 50 — when most
are beginning to see diminishing opportunities. It was such determination that
Guillaume put on display in one of his last and most memorable roles, as
television producer Isaac Jaffe on the short-lived series Sports Night, which earned Screen Actors Guild nomination for
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2000. In a cast
that featured actors Josh Charles and Peter Krause (a riff on the classic ESPN
pairing of Keith Olbermann and Dan Patrick), Felicity Huffman, and Joshua
Malina, Guillaume did as he always had: stole scenes. When Guillaume
suffered a stroke midway through the first season — by then in his early 70s
— not only did the actor return to work, his affliction was written into the
storyline.
Robert Guillaume died at age 89 on October 24,
2017. He is survived by his wife of thirty-plus years Donna Brown Guillaume,
three daughters, Patricia, Melissa and Rachel, and one son, Kevin. His
son Jacques preceded him in death in 1990.
+++
Mark Anthony Neal is a professor of African and African-American Studies
at Duke University, USA, and the author of several well-received scholarly
publications. Check him out at @NewBlackMan +
@LeftofBlack + BookerBBBrown
on the ‘Gram + and the homebase at NewBlackMan (in Exile).
Obituary: The Legacy of Robert Guillaume
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